What does system architecture define in software engineering?

System architecture in software engineering defines the structure and design principles of a software system, focusing on how components interact, the organization of software elements, and the rationality behind their arrangement. This encompasses both the technical aspects, such as modules, connections, and data flow, as well as higher-level design principles that guide the software’s overall functionality and performance.

This aspect of architecture is critical because it establishes a blueprint for both the implementation and future modifications of the system, ensuring scalability, maintainability, and the ability to meet user needs. While user interfaces, programming languages, and bug tracking procedures are important in the overall software development lifecycle, they do not embody the overarching framework or conceptual design that the system architecture represents.